All About Gemstones

Gemstone inclusions are among the most misunderstood aspects of buying natural stones in India. Ask most buyers what an inclusion is and you will hear: "a flaw," "a crack," or "a defect." In reality, inclusions are internal features, minerals, crystals, gas bubbles, fractures, or growth patterns, that formed inside a gemstone as it crystallised deep within the earth over millions of years. They are, as gemologists often say, nature's fingerprints. This article explains what gemstone inclusions are, how they form, how different types affect the value of major gemstones including Ruby (Manik), Emerald (Panna), Blue Sapphire (Neelam), and Yellow Sapphire (Pukhraj), and what buyers in India should actually look for before purchasing a certified natural stone. Whether you are buying for astrological purposes, as an investment, or simply as jewellery, understanding inclusions will help you make a significantly better decision. According to Vedic astrology, the inner qualities of a gemstone, including its inclusions, are considered relevant to how effectively a stone channels planetary energy. The traditional guidance is to choose a stone that is as clean as possible while still being natural and untreated. By the end of this article, you will know exactly how to evaluate that balance. What Are Gemstone Inclusions? A Gemologist's Definition Gemstone inclusions are any internal feature found inside a stone that differs from the host crystal in composition, structure, or physical state. They can be solid, liquid, or gaseous, and they form at various stages of the gemstone's growth cycle. The term comes from the Latin "includere," meaning to enclose. In gemological practice, established by bodies such as the GIA (Gemological Institute of America), inclusions are distinguished from blemishes, which are surface features. An inclusion is strictly internal. When a gemologist at IGI or GRS grades a stone, inclusions are mapped on a diagram called a "clarity plot," which becomes part of the lab certificate. How Inclusions Form Inside Gemstones Most natural gemstones form under extreme heat and pressure in the earth's crust or mantle. During this process, other minerals, liquids, or gases can become trapped as the host crystal grows around them. The result is a variety of inclusion types: Mineral inclusions: Solid crystals of another mineral trapped inside the host stone. A classic example is the tiny rutile needles found inside natural sapphires and rubies. Fluid inclusions: Pockets of liquid, sometimes still containing a gas bubble, that were trapped during crystal growth. These are common in Colombian Emeralds, where three-phase inclusions containing liquid, gas, and a small crystal are so characteristic that gemologists call them "jardin" (French for garden). Fracture inclusions: Internal cracks or cleavage planes, sometimes healed and sometimes open, that formed during the stone's growth or due to geological stress. In Emeralds (Panna), fractures are so common that a term, "jardin," is used to describe the whole internal landscape. Growth features: These include colour zoning, where the colour is unevenly distributed through the stone, and twinning planes, which are flat internal boundaries created when two crystal orientations grew together. Fingerprint inclusions: Healed fractures that resemble the whorls of a fingerprint under magnification. They are extremely common in sapphires from Sri Lanka (Ceylon) and are considered a natural, expected characteristic. Understanding these types is the first step to reading a lab certificate intelligently and to having an honest conversation with a reputable seller. How Inclusions Affect Gemstone Value: The Clarity Grading Framework Inclusions directly affect a gemstone's value, but not always in the way buyers expect. The relationship between inclusions and price is nuanced, and it varies significantly by gemstone species. The most important factor when buying any gemstone is understanding the clarity standard that applies to that specific stone. A Ruby (Manik) and an Emerald (Panna) are graded on entirely different scales, because what is considered "normal" for one is considered a serious flaw in the other. The GIA Type Classification The GIA divides gemstones into three clarity types based on how commonly inclusions occur in nature: Quick Answer Eye-clean is the practical standard for most buyers in all three types Type I Stones that are almost always inclusion-free: Aquamarine, Blue Topaz, Yellow Sapphire (Pukhraj). Even small inclusions reduce value significantly. Type II Stones routinely found with inclusions: Ruby (Manik), Blue Sapphire (Neelam), Garnet, Alexandrite. Some inclusions are expected; eye-clean stones command a substantial premium. Type III Stones almost always included: Emerald (Panna), Red Tourmaline, Watermelon Tourmaline. Heavy inclusions are normal; eye-clean specimens are exceptionally rare and extremely valuable. Pricing Impact by Gemstone For Yellow Sapphire (Pukhraj), a Type I stone, even a small visible inclusion can reduce value by 30 to 40 percent compared to an eye-clean specimen of equal weight and colour. Pukhraj sourced from Ceylon (Sri Lanka) or Burma commands the highest premiums when it presents with eye-clean clarity, a refractive index of approximately 1.76 to 1.77, and a Mohs hardness of 9. For Ruby (Manik), a Type II stone, the picture is more complex. A natural, unheated Burmese Manik with the famous "silk" inclusions, microscopic rutile needles that scatter light and create a soft glow, is more valuable than a treated stone with none of those inclusions. The silk is proof of origin and of natural, unheated status. A Burmese pigeon-blood Ruby with some silk but strong, saturated colour can sell for multiples of a cleaner but lower-colour stone. For Emerald (Panna), a Type III stone, the trade largely accepts inclusions as long as they do not threaten the stone's durability. A Colombian Emerald with a rich green colour and visible jardin is still prized over a clean but pale Zambian stone by many buyers. That said, fractures that reach the surface or create structural weakness do reduce value and durability. At Myra Gems, our gemologists regularly encounter customers who assume that any inclusion means a stone is "bad." The truth our team shares with every buyer is that an inclusion-free natural gemstone is often a red flag: it may indicate a synthetic stone, a heavily treated stone, or a misidentified species. In over 30 years of sourcing stones from Jaipur, Sri Lanka, and Mozambique, we have learned that nature rarely produces perfection, and when it appears to, the explanation is usually human intervention. Explore Certified Natural Gemstone Rings at Myra Gems Every ring in our collection is sourced from verified origins and comes with a lab certificate confirming natural, untreated status. Our gemology team selects only stones that meet the clarity benchmarks described in this article. Browse our certified gemstone rings Inclusions in Major Astrological Gemstones: What Vedic Tradition Says According to Vedic astrology, the internal quality of a gemstone is directly connected to its capacity to channel the energy of its governing planet (graha). Classical texts including the Ratnapariksha, an ancient Sanskrit treatise on gemstone testing, enumerate specific types of inclusions as inauspicious and others as neutral or acceptable. The traditional guidance is not simply to avoid all inclusions but to avoid specific types that are associated with negative planetary influence. Ruby (Manik) and Surya (the Sun) Manik is governed by Surya, the Sun, and is one of the most important astrological gemstones in the Vedic system. Buyers looking for a natural Ruby ring certified for astrological use will find the inclusion question comes up in almost every consultation. According to the Ratnapariksha and related texts, certain inclusion types in Ruby are considered particularly inauspicious: milky cloudiness throughout the stone, black spots or carbon inclusions, and deep fractures that create a "cracked" appearance. The silk inclusions typical of natural Burmese Manik, by contrast, are not listed as inauspicious. Astrologers who follow the classical texts recommend a Manik that is "clean to the eye" but do not require it to be inclusion-free under magnification. A Ruby with a Mohs hardness of 9, natural silk, and strong red to pinkish-red colour from Burma is considered auspicious. The specific gravity of a natural Ruby runs approximately 3.99 to 4.00, which a trained gemologist uses as one indicator of authenticity. Blue Sapphire (Neelam) and Shani (Saturn) Neelam, governed by Shani (Saturn), is traditionally considered the most powerful and most demanding of the Navaratna stones. Anyone considering a natural Blue Sapphire ring should understand the specific inclusion types that Vedic tradition considers inauspicious before making a purchase. The traditional guidance is to avoid Neelam with milky or cloudy inclusions, surface-reaching fractures, or a dull, lifeless appearance. Ceylon Blue Sapphires with fingerprint inclusions and slight zoning are widely accepted; these are natural growth features, not flaws. A well-cut, natural, unheated Ceylon Blue Sapphire with a refractive index of 1.762 to 1.770 and a specific gravity of approximately 3.99 to 4.00 is the standard that both gemologists and Vedic astrologers recommend. Yellow Sapphire (Pukhraj) and Guru (Jupiter) Pukhraj is governed by Guru (Jupiter) and is among the most sought-after astrological gemstones in India, particularly for those in Jupiter's mahadasha or for women seeking prosperity and marital happiness. Our range of Yellow Sapphire rings is sourced exclusively from Ceylon and Burma to meet the clarity standards described here. An eye-clean Yellow Sapphire from Ceylon with strong golden-yellow colour and no visible inclusions is the benchmark. A customer looking for a natural Pukhraj for Jupiter's mahadasha will often ask about the difference between a slightly included stone and a flawless one. The answer from our team is straightforward: for an astrological stone, clarity matters, but colour saturation and natural, untreated status matter more. A deeply coloured, unheated Yellow Sapphire with a tiny fingerprint inclusion is preferable to a pale, heat-treated stone that is eye-clean. Emerald (Panna) and Budh (Mercury) Panna is governed by Budh (Mercury) and is the gemstone most associated with intelligence, communication, and business acumen in Vedic astrology. Those researching Emerald rings with certified natural origin will almost always encounter the jardin question. The Brihat Parashara Hora Shastra acknowledges that Panna is rarely found without internal features and focuses instead on the liveliness and depth of its green colour. Gemologists recommend that buyers focus on Emeralds where the inclusions do not reach the surface and do not create visible fractures that compromise durability. A Colombian Emerald with vibrant green colour and moderate jardin, certified by GRS or IGI, is far more desirable than a synthetic stone with perfect clarity. Need Personalised Guidance on Which Gemstone Suits Your Birth Chart? Our in-house gemology team works with Vedic astrologers to help buyers identify the right stone for their horoscope, budget, and clarity requirements. Get personalised gemstone guidance Reading a Lab Certificate: What Inclusions Look Like on Paper A lab certificate from GIA, IGI, or GRS will document inclusions in two ways: as a written clarity grade and as a plotted diagram showing the location and type of each internal feature. Understanding how to read this section of a certificate is one of the most practical skills a gemstone buyer can develop. The Clarity Plot The clarity plot is a schematic drawing of the stone, usually from two angles, with symbols marking the type and location of each inclusion. Red symbols indicate internal features (inclusions); green symbols indicate surface features (blemishes). Common symbols include: A dot: pinpoint inclusion (a tiny crystal) A cloud shape: a cluster of tiny inclusions too small to map individually A straight line: a needle inclusion A wavy line: a fracture or feather The Key Clarity Grades to Know Most international labs use a clarity scale derived from or compatible with the GIA scale. For coloured gemstones, the terms most commonly seen on certificates are: Quick Answer Eye-clean (VS to VVS equivalent) is the practical target for astrological and jewellery purchases Flawless / Internally Flawless No inclusions visible under 10x magnification. Extremely rare in coloured stones; commands significant premium VVS (Very, Very Slightly Included) Inclusions very difficult to see under 10x magnification. Excellent clarity for coloured gemstones VS (Very Slightly Included) Inclusions difficult to see under 10x. Eye-clean to the naked eye. Practical benchmark for quality coloured stones SI (Slightly Included) Inclusions noticeable under 10x; may be visible to the naked eye. Acceptable for Type II and III stones I (Included) Inclusions obvious; may affect transparency or durability. Approach with caution for astrological use What the Certificate Does Not Tell You A lab certificate documents what is present, not what it means. It does not tell you whether a stone is suitable for your birth chart, how the inclusions affect the stone's visual appeal in a specific setting, or whether the price you are paying is fair for the market. For those assessments, you need either an experienced gemologist or a trusted seller with decades of hands-on experience, both of which are available through Myra Gems' consultation service. The Inclusion Trap: How Sellers Use Inclusions to Mislead Buyers Not every mention of inclusions in a sales conversation is honest or informative. Understanding the ways unscrupulous sellers use inclusion language is a form of consumer protection. "Completely flawless natural ruby" as a warning sign A natural Ruby (Manik) that is completely flawless under 10x magnification is exceptionally rare and would be priced accordingly, often in the tens of thousands of rupees per ratti at minimum. If a seller is showing you a supposedly natural, unheated, flawless Ruby at a price that seems reasonable, you should ask for an IGI or GRS certificate that confirms both the natural origin and the untreated status. Without that certificate, the stone is almost certainly synthetic, glass-filled, or misrepresented. "A few inclusions means it's real" as a partial truth Some sellers use the presence of inclusions as proof of naturalness. This is partially true: synthetic stones are often cleaner than natural ones. But inclusions alone do not confirm a stone is natural. Fracture-filling treatments, glass filling, and resin impregnation can all add features that resemble inclusions. Only a lab test can confirm natural, untreated status with certainty. Selling heavily included stones at "natural" premiums At Myra Gems, our gemologists regularly encounter customers who have been sold heavily fractured or included stones as "powerful astrological gems" at premium prices. The logic offered by such sellers is that inclusions make the stone more "natural" and therefore more powerful. This has no basis in classical Vedic texts. The Ratnapariksha is explicit: a gemstone with serious flaws, deep cracks, dullness, or cloudiness is considered inauspicious regardless of its origin. The honest guidance from our team, after more than 30 years of working with buyers across India, is this: always ask for a certificate from a recognised lab, always ask whether the stone is treated, and never pay a premium for inclusions. Buy with Confidence from India's First Natural Gemstone Jewellery Brand Myra Gems has been trusted by over 30,000 customers across India to deliver certified, natural, untreated gemstones. Every stone in our collection comes with full documentation, and our team is available to walk you through the certificate before you buy. Explore our complete certified collection Inclusions and Investment Value: What Serious Collectors Know For buyers considering gemstones as an investment, the relationship between inclusions and long-term value is particularly important to understand. Natural, unheated, and lightly included In the investment-grade gemstone market, the combination of three attributes drives the highest appreciation over time: natural origin confirmed by a recognised lab, untreated status (no heat treatment, no filling, no irradiation), and eye-clean to lightly included clarity. This is because untreated stones become rarer as heat treatment becomes the industry default, and because clean untreated stones are the category most actively sought by serious collectors and auction houses. The inclusion that proves untreated status Some inclusions are actually proof of untreated status and therefore increase value. The silk in a Burma Ruby, the fingerprint inclusions in a Ceylon Sapphire, the jardin of a Colombian Emerald: these features are so characteristic of their origins that a stone without them would raise questions. For a fuller explanation of how heat treatment changes a stone's internal structure, see our guide on heated vs unheated gemstones. Certification bodies such as GRS (Gübelin Gem Research) specialise in origin determination, and their reports referencing specific inclusion types are among the most trusted documents in the international gem trade. If you are purchasing a gemstone as a significant investment, a GRS or Gübelin certificate is worth the additional cost. Ratti weight and clarity together determine price In the Indian gemstone market, price is typically quoted per ratti (approximately 0.91 carats). A one-ratti Burma Ruby, unheated, with minor silk, can command many times the price of a two-ratti Ruby that has been heat-treated and shows glass filling in its fractures. The inclusion profile on the certificate can tell you whether the price you are being asked to pay reflects a natural, untreated stone or a treated one sold at a premium it does not deserve. What to Know Before Buying a Gemstone with Inclusions: Advice from Myra Gems' Gemologists After three decades of sourcing and certifying gemstones from Sri Lanka, Burma, Mozambique, Colombia, and the gem markets of Jaipur, our team has developed a set of practical principles for buyers navigating the inclusion question. Know the type before you judge the clarity Before you evaluate any inclusion, know which of the three GIA clarity types applies to your stone. Judging an Emerald (Panna) by the same clarity standard as a Yellow Sapphire (Pukhraj) will lead you to reject perfectly fine Emeralds and overpay for Sapphires. The most important factor when buying any coloured gemstone is applying the right standard for that species. The naked eye test matters more than the microscope For most jewellery and astrological purposes, the practical standard is eye-clean: no inclusions visible to the unaided eye at a normal viewing distance. What appears under 10x magnification matters for certification and pricing, but it rarely affects the beauty or the astrological function of a stone in daily wear. Ask specifically about treatments, not just inclusions The question to ask any seller is not "does this stone have inclusions?" but "is this stone natural and untreated?" A treated stone may have fewer visible inclusions than a natural one, but it commands a lower price and, according to classical Vedic astrological texts, is not considered appropriate for astrological use. Always ask for a certificate that states both natural origin and treatment status. Surface-reaching fractures are the inclusion type to avoid While most inclusions are stable and do not affect a stone's durability in daily wear, fractures that reach the surface are a different matter. These can trap dirt, weaken the stone against impact, and, in the case of Emeralds, lead to chipping if the jewellery receives a knock. A quality certificate will note surface-reaching fractures explicitly. Colour over clarity, but only to a point In Ruby and Blue Sapphire, colour is the primary value driver. A deeply coloured, eye-clean stone with minor silk is more valuable than a pale stone with perfect clarity. However, this principle has a limit: inclusions that affect transparency, create a milky or hazy appearance, or reduce the stone's brilliance ultimately drag down value regardless of colour. Buy from a seller who will show you the certificate before you ask At Myra Gems, every stone is sold with its lab certificate and the certificate is offered proactively, before the customer needs to ask. This is the minimum standard of transparency that any serious gemstone buyer should expect. If a seller hesitates to provide documentation, or produces a certificate from an unrecognised laboratory, treat it as a significant warning sign. Frequently Asked Questions About Gemstone Inclusions Q: What is a gemstone inclusion in simple terms? A: A gemstone inclusion is any internal feature trapped inside a stone as it formed naturally in the earth, such as a mineral crystal, a fluid pocket, a fracture, or a growth pattern. Inclusions are different from surface blemishes and are considered part of a natural stone's internal landscape. They are documented by gemological laboratories on clarity plots and written into the grading report that accompanies every certified stone. Q: Do inclusions make a gemstone less powerful for astrological purposes? A: According to Vedic astrology, specific types of inclusions are considered inauspicious, particularly milky cloudiness, black carbon spots, and deep surface-reaching cracks. Classical texts such as the Ratnapariksha advise against wearing gems with these features. However, not all inclusions are considered problematic. Natural silk in Ruby (Manik), fingerprint inclusions in Blue Sapphire (Neelam), and the jardin of Emerald (Panna) are widely accepted by astrologers because they are natural growth characteristics, not defects. Consult a qualified Vedic astrologer for guidance specific to your chart. Q: Is a gemstone with no inclusions always better? A: Not necessarily. A completely inclusion-free natural gemstone is extremely rare and should prompt careful scrutiny. If a stone presented as natural and unheated shows perfect clarity under magnification, always verify its status with a certificate from GIA, IGI, GRS, or a comparably recognised body. Some of the most valued natural gemstones, including Burmese Rubies and Colombian Emeralds, typically have characteristic inclusions that are part of their identity and proof of origin. Q: How do inclusions affect the price of a Ruby (Manik)? A: For Ruby, inclusions affect price in two different directions depending on their type. Natural silk inclusions in a Burmese Ruby confirm untreated status and can support a higher price per ratti than a treated stone without them. Inclusions that create cloudiness, reduce transparency, or reach the surface reduce value significantly. An IGI or GRS certificate stating "no indications of heating" alongside an inclusion description gives you the full picture needed to evaluate price fairly. Q: Can I see inclusions without a magnifying glass? A: It depends on the type and size of the inclusion. Most inclusions visible in a lab under 10x magnification are not visible to the naked eye, which is why the "eye-clean" standard is used as a practical benchmark for buyers. Some larger fractures, clouds, or carbon spots can be visible to the naked eye, particularly if the stone is held up to light. If you can clearly see inclusions in a stone without a loupe or microscope, they are likely affecting the stone's transparency and value. Q: What does "eye-clean" mean on a gem certificate? A: "Eye-clean" means that no inclusions are visible to the unaided eye under normal lighting conditions. It is a practical trade term rather than a formal grading grade, and it roughly corresponds to the VS (Very Slightly Included) to VVS range on the GIA clarity scale. For most buyers purchasing gemstones for jewellery or astrological use, eye-clean is the practical minimum standard to aim for. Q: How can inclusions prove a gemstone is natural and not synthetic? A: Synthetic gemstones are grown in controlled laboratory conditions and typically show very different internal features from natural stones: curved growth lines (in flame-fusion synthetics), chevron patterns (in hydrothermal synthetics), or no inclusions at all. Natural stones show characteristic inclusions formed during geological processes that cannot be replicated in a lab. A gemologist examining a stone under magnification can usually determine natural versus synthetic origin from these features, and a certificate from a recognised lab will confirm this assessment definitively. Q: Should I be worried about fractures in an Emerald (Panna) ring? A: Fractures are a normal and expected part of most Emeralds (Panna), which is why most natural Emeralds are treated with oils or resins to improve their appearance, a practice that is standard and disclosed in quality certificates. The fractures to watch for are those that reach the surface of the stone, particularly in areas exposed to wear. A well-set Emerald in a protective bezel or halo setting will be more durable than one in a prong setting that leaves the edges exposed. Ask your jeweller to advise on the setting best suited to the clarity of your specific stone. Q: Does Myra Gems sell only certified gemstones? A: Yes. At Myra Gems, every natural gemstone sold through our collections comes with a certificate from a recognised gemological laboratory confirming natural origin and treatment status. Our team has been sourcing and certifying stones for over 30 years, and we believe that documentation is not a premium feature but a basic right of every buyer. If you have questions about a specific stone's certificate or inclusion profile, our gemology team is available for consultation through our online platform. Q: What is the difference between a fracture and a cleavage inclusion? A: A fracture is an irregular internal crack that follows no predictable crystallographic pattern, while a cleavage inclusion is a crack that runs along a specific plane in the crystal structure. Cleavage in gemstones is usually flat and reflective, like a mirror plane inside the stone. Both types can affect durability if they reach the surface, but cleavage planes are often considered more structurally significant because they represent a direction of weakness in the crystal. A quality lab certificate will note the presence of either type and a skilled gemologist can assess whether they pose a practical risk. Understanding Gemstone Inclusions: What Every Buyer Should Take Away Inclusions are not the enemy of a good gemstone. They are part of its identity, its proof of natural origin, and in many cases, the very feature that confirms a stone is what the seller claims it to be. The practical skill every buyer needs is not to avoid inclusions entirely but to understand which inclusions matter, in which stones, and why. Natural, unheated gemstones will almost always carry some internal features. A Ruby (Manik) without any silk, a Blue Sapphire (Neelam) with mirror-perfect clarity, or an Emerald (Panna) with no jardin whatsoever should prompt questions, not admiration. The traditional guidance from both gemological science and Vedic astrological texts is consistent: what matters is not the absence of all inclusions, but the presence of the right inclusions in acceptable form. At Myra Gems, our gemologists have spent more than 30 years helping buyers understand exactly this distinction, across every major astrological gemstone, from Jaipur's bustling gem bazaars to the certification labs of Mumbai. The information in this article is for educational purposes. Consult a qualified Vedic astrologer before wearing any gemstone. To explore our range of certified, natural, untreated gemstone rings and pendants with full documentation, visit Myra Gems' complete collection.